What is IO layers and binmode in Perl?

In Perl, Input/Output (IO) layers and the `binmode` function are crucial for managing how data is read from and written to files and other input/output streams. IO layers allow you to specify how to interpret data being handled, such as applying character encodings or dealing with binary data.

The `binmode` function is used to enable or disable specific layers for filehandles. By setting the appropriate layers, you can control whether data is treated as binary or text, which is essential when handling files with specific encodings or when dealing with binary data formats.

Using `binmode` effectively ensures that your Perl scripts behave correctly in different environments and with various file types, preventing issues related to incorrect encoding or data interpretation.