What are common pitfalls or gotchas with safe shelling out (system, open |- , IPC::Run)?

When using Perl to shell out to system commands, it's important to be aware of several common pitfalls or gotchas that can arise:

• Shell Injection Attacks: Always sanitize user input to prevent malicious command execution. Avoid string interpolation directly within command strings.
• Path Issues: Ensure that the command being executed is in the system's PATH or specify the full path to the binary.
• Exit Status Handling: Remember to check the exit status of commands. A successful execution doesn't always imply success; check for the right status codes.
• Blocking I/O: Using methods like system() can block your script if the external command hangs. Use IPC::Run or other non-blocking methods when needed.
• Environment Variables: The environment of the child process can differ from the parent. Ensure necessary variables are exported before executing commands.