What are alternatives to sanitizing user input?

When dealing with user input in web applications, there are several alternatives to traditional sanitization methods that can help mitigate security risks such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS). Below are a few approaches:

• Parameterization: Always use parameterized queries in SQL to prevent SQL injection attacks.
• Escaping: Use escaping functions for output to prevent XSS attacks by encoding special characters.
• Whitelist Validation: Implement validation by using a whitelist of acceptable values or patterns for user input.
• Content Security Policy (CSP): Configure CSP headers to restrict the sources from which content can be loaded.

These alternatives can complement sanitization efforts and provide an additional layer of security to your applications.