How has zero-copy and off-heap changed in recent Java versions?

Zero-copy and off-heap memory management have evolved significantly in recent Java versions, enhancing performance and resource utilization for high-performance applications. Zero-copy allows data to be transferred between buffers without the need to duplicate memory, thereby reducing CPU usage and memory overhead. Off-heap memory management provides the capability to allocate memory outside the Java heap, helping to mitigate garbage collection overhead and allowing for larger data structures while maintaining high performance.

With the introduction of features such as Improved G1 Garbage Collector, Java Memory Model enhancements, and advancements in the Foreign Function & Memory API, developers can now leverage memory more efficiently and enhance the throughput of their applications. These improvements have made Java a more competitive choice for systems-level programming and high-performance applications.