How do I fix 'undefined behavior' detected by UBSan in C++?

Undefined behavior (UB) in C++ can lead to unpredictable program behavior, crashes, and security vulnerabilities. To fix undefined behavior detected by the Undefined Behavior Sanitizer (UBSan), you need to identify the specific source of the issue. Here are some common causes of undefined behavior and their solutions:

• Dereferencing nullptr: Ensure you check pointers before dereferencing them.
• Out-of-bounds array access: Always validate indices when accessing array elements.
• Use of uninitialized variables: Initialize your variables before use.
• Improper casting: Use safe casting operations and ensure types match where appropriate.
• Integer overflow: Be aware of potential overflow situations and use checks or types that prevent overflow.

After identifying the problems in your code, update it to use safe programming practices that conform with the C++ standards.